intratumoral fat 3. decreased intensity in the surrounding liver. variable. Gadoxetate disodium (also known by the tradenames Primovist in Europe and Eovist in the United States) is a hepatospecific paramagnetic gadolinium-based contrast agent, used exclusively in MRI liver imaging. Focal or multifocal lesions in the supratentorial subcortical white matter involving the U-fibers and the cortical grey matter, less frequently posterior fossa and deep grey matter; T2-hyperintense (occasionally with small focal lesions in the vicinity of the main lesion) T1-isointese or hypointense depending on the degree of demyelination Calcifications are mostly dark on T1WI, but depending on the matrix of the calcifications they can sometimes be bright on T1. Increasingly, the central question in the assessment of breast papilloma is whether there is any evidence of cellular atypia. Lesions usually demonstrate low to intermediate signal intensity on T2- and T1-weighted images. Liver with generalized steatosis demonstrates increased echogenicity 2. Typical signal characteristics include: T1: hypointense 3; T2: hyperintense 3; They generally demonstrate uniform enhancement and may demonstrate the same vascular changes as seen on CT. J Magn Reson Imaging 1996;6(2):291294. Calcifications are uncommon, but do occur on occasion. Focal liver lesions (FLL) have been a common reason for consultation faced by gastroenterologists and hepatologists. delayed phase: further irregular fill-in and therefore iso- or hyper-attenuating to liver parenchyma; Other described features include: bright dot sign; MRI. In this review, we will show a series of cases in order to provide Reported signal characteristics include 1,2: T1: hypointense (mild to moderate) relative to liver; T2: hyperintense relative to liver CT. Lesions are reported to be hypoattenuating on CT 4. Axial CECT images showing a hypo-enhancing mass in the neck and head region of pancreas (A) with a dilated pancreatic duct (B); multiple hypodense lesions can be noted within the liver parenchyma. As the causes of peliosis are varied, the demographics will reflect the underlying cause. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar; 46. Pheochromocytomas are an uncommon tumor of the adrenal gland, with characteristic clinical, and to a lesser degree, imaging features. intratumoral fat 3. decreased intensity in the surrounding liver. The nephrogenic phase is therefore the most sensitive phase for the detection of these lesions, as the renal parenchyma enhances homogeneously and more intensely than the tumor (figure). On T2-weighted images the scar appears as hyperintense in 80% of patients, which is very typical. variable. T1: typically hyperintense due to a reduction in T1 relaxation time associated with the presence of melanin; T2: reduced T2 signal These hypervascular tumors will be visible as hyperdense lesions in a relatively hypodense liver. In the arterial phase hypervascular tumors will enhance via the hepatic artery, when normal liver parenchyma does not yet enhances, because contrast is not yet in the portal venous system. When it occurs outside of these areas or has a nodular appearance, it may become problematic distinguishing it from a focal liver lesion, especially as regions of focal sparing may be seen around focal liver lesions 2,3. Epidemiology. endometriomas present as solitary or multiple masses with a homogeneous hyperintense signal intensity on T1- and T1-fatsat sequences. On T2, the SI of hypervascular metastases is usually moderately elevated, and on T1 hypointense. T1. MRI shows a well-defined, homogeneous lesion with low signal intensity on T1 weighting, and high intensity on T2, without contrast enhancement. Typically, carotid body tumors are diagnosed in the 4 th to 5 th decades and have a female predilection like the other paragangliomas of the head and neck 1,3.They are the most common type of paraganglioma of the head and neck (account for 60-70%). Abdominal wall masses, masslike lesions, and diffuse processes are common and often incidental findings at cross-sectional imaging. Epidemiology. MRI. surrounding liver 17. hyperintensity may be due to. Clinical presentation. T1. However in 20% of patients the scar is hypointense. T1. Treatment and prognosis Its primary use is in hepatic lesion characterization, i.e. On CT, these lesions are normally iso- to hypodense on unenhanced scans. Potential complications include: In hypertension the hemorrhages are typically in a central position in the basal ganglia, pons, thalamus and cerebellum, while in CAA they are typically more in a peripheral location - deep in the frontal, parietal or temporal lobes - also called lobar hemorrhages. T1: variable and can range from being hyper-, iso-, to hypointense (hyperintense in 35-77% of cases 8) T2: mildly hyperintense (in 47-74% of cases 2,8) IP/OP: the presence of fat typically leads to signal drop out on out-of-phase imaging; T1 C+ (Gd) some reports suggest that the enhancement becomes isointense to the rest of the liver by 1 minute 6 There are also common benign hypervascular liver lesions, hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia and some tumor-like liver conditions. However when the surrounding liver parenchyma starts to enhance in the MRI will show a hypointense central scar on T1-weighted images. On the left is a list of causes for T1-shortening. iso- or hypointense cf. sharply marginated, hypointense mass; cleft-like areas of low signal intensity; T1 C+ (Gd) cleft-like area may remain hypointense during enhancement; enhancement pattern is otherwise similar to that seen on CT; T2: cleft-like area may be markedly T2 hyperintense; Treatment and prognosis Complications. All neurologists need to be able to recognise and treat cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). Papillomas are typically small (<10 mm) lesions but may range from 3 mm to >2 cm 10. T1: variable and can range from being hyper-, iso-, to hypointense (hyperintense in 35-77% of cases 8) T2: mildly hyperintense (in 47-74% of cases 2,8) IP/OP: the presence of fat typically leads to signal drop out on out-of-phase imaging; T1 C+ (Gd) some reports suggest that the enhancement becomes isointense to the rest of the liver by 1 minute 6 delayed phase: further irregular fill-in and therefore iso- or hyper-attenuating to liver parenchyma; Other described features include: bright dot sign; MRI. The two most common liver lesions causing hepatic hemorrhage are HA and HCC. They most commonly occur ~3.5 cm from the nipple but may occur anywhere from anterior to posterior depth 10,11 . On MR clear cell RCC is usually iso- to hypointense on T1 and hyperintense on T2-weighted images. Patients are usually asymptomatic 6 and thus the condition is discovered incidentally on imaging or autopsy. In some instances, lesions may be complicated by hemorrhage presenting acutely or result in hepatomegaly or liver impairment. MRI liver. Imaging findings include ovoid lesions involving the central splenium, hyperintense lesions on T2-weighted and FLAIR images, and hypointense lesions on T1-weighted images, with restricted diffusion and no enhancement (2,8,9,54). T1: hypointense lesions relative to normal liver parenchyma on unenhanced T1-weighted images 85% of non-traumatic hemorrhages are seen in patients with hypertension or cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). On MRI, lesions are hyperintense on T1 weighted images and disappear with fat suppressed images. It is difficult to diagnose, partly due to its relative rarity, its multiple and various clinical manifestations (different from conventional stroke, and often mimicking other acute neurological conditions), and because it is often challenging to obtain and interpret optimal and timely brain imaging. Although a benign simple cyst is usually easy to recognize, the same is not true for complex and multifocal cystic renal lesions, whose differential diagnosis includes both neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions. Hepatic colorectal metastases: correlation of MR imaging and pathologic appearance. Small cysts with well defined margins showing iso to hypointense or rarely hyperintense signal relative to muscle on T1 weighted images, hyperintense on T2 weighted images (Radiographics 2003;23:425) Ultrasonography (AJR Am J Roentgenol 1982;138:927): Anechoic well defined cystic lesions near the endocervical canal Hepatic or portal veins or their branches may taper and terminate at or just within the edge of these lesions (lollipop sign). Outwater E, Tomaszewski JE, Daly JM, Kressel HY. Treatment is directed toward the underlying cause. Cystic renal lesions are a common incidental finding on routinely imaging examinations. Most biliary hamartomas are: T1: hypointense compared to liver parenchyma; T2. In approximately 10% of cases, they are bilateral 1,3.. A small number are familial (7-10%), and It may be difficult to differentiate primary vs. secondary from analysis of the liver lesion alone (at the time of initial writing). The authors present a diagnostic algorithm that may help in distinguishing different types of abdominal wall masses accurately. surrounding liver 17. hyperintensity may be due to. iso- or hypointense cf. Large flow voids are usually present. Nodular worm-like intramyometrial lesions with irregular margin (Eur Radiol 2001;11:28) Lower apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value compared to T2 hyperintense leiomyoma (Cancer Imaging 2019;19:63) Less frequent necrosis, hemorrhage and feather-like enhancement compared to high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (Cancer Imaging MRI. All neurologists need to be able to recognise and treat cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). Multifocal hemangiomas are spherical lesions with homogeneous signal intensity on MRI. Ultrasound. Subcapsular lesions often present with capsular retraction. Typical features include: T1: hypointense relative to liver parenchyma; T2: hyperintense relative to liver parenchyma, but less than the intensity of CSF or of a hepatic cyst March 2005 Radiology, 234, 815-823. Radiology 1991;180(2):327332. T1. In the rest of the phases, it retains the contrast and remains isodense to the adjacent vascular pool. High on T1. Pseudolipoma The mission of Clinical Imaging is to publish innovative radiology research, reviews & editorials which advance knowledge and positively impact patient care and the profession of radiology. T1: hypointense MRI. assessing focal liver lesions identified on other imaging studies. Malignant lesions of the liver with high signal intensity on T1-weighted MR images. T1 C+ (Gd) enhancement is usually arterial ("hypervascularity") rapid "washout", becoming hypointense to the remainder of the liver (96% specific) 3 Exceptions to this rule can indicate a specific type of tumor. Metastatic intracerebral lesions are most frequently seen involving the cortex and are then seen less frequently to involve the grey/white matter junction, the dura and the leptomeninges 3,4. Nodular worm-like intramyometrial lesions with irregular margin (Eur Radiol 2001;11:28) Lower apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value compared to T2 hyperintense leiomyoma (Cancer Imaging 2019;19:63) Less frequent necrosis, hemorrhage and feather-like enhancement compared to high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (Cancer Imaging Only a limited number of the many lesions that are actually present can be seen as grape-like clusters of abnormal vascularity with contrast persisting into the venous phase 10. Typical features include: T1: hypointense relative to liver parenchyma; T2: hyperintense relative to liver parenchyma, but less than the intensity of CSF or of a hepatic cyst Melanoma is an exception, where melanin accumulation may result in hyperintensity on T1. There is a quick, intense and homogeneous enhancement of the lesion in the arterial phase itself, hence the name "flash filling". T1 C+ (Gd) enhancement is usually arterial ("hypervascularity") rapid "washout", becoming hypointense to the remainder of the liver (96% specific) 3 by Milliam L. Kataoka et al. We found a significant association between the volume of white-matter lesions and White-matter lesions that appeared hyperintense in T2-weighted images were Radiology 277 , 162172 (2015 Distinguishing among these types of masses on the basis of imaging features alone can be challenging. MRI examination of the liver may involve numerous sequences (see liver MRI protocol), and choice of the gadolinium contrast agent (extracellular contrast agent or Eovist) is an important consideration. typically, lesions appear hyperintense while acute haemorrhage occasionally appears hypointense; endometriomas with high T1 signal characteristically do not show loss of signal on T1 fat-suppressed sequences, which is important for differentiating it from a mature cystic teratoma of the ovary; T2 Most tumors have a low or intermediate signal intensity on T1WI.

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