The nuchal ligament extends from the external occipital protuberance on the skull and median nuchal line to the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra in the lower part of the neck.. From the anterior border of the nuchal ligament, a fibrous lamina is given off. Identify the parts of the fibrous layer. tectorial membrane. Ceruminous glands are specialized sudoriferous glands (sweat glands) located subcutaneously in the external auditory canal, in the outer 1/3.Ceruminous glands are simple, coiled, tubular glands made up of an inner secretory layer of cells and an outer myoepithelial layer of cells. This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 307 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy tectorial membrane extends upward in continuity with posterior longitudinal ligament; attached to back of body of C2 and anterior margin of foramen magnum ligaments apical ligament, embryological remnant of the notochord. connects the posterior body of the axis to the anterior foramen magnum and is the cephalad continuation of the PLL. Origin Epidemiology The estimated incidence is at ~0.3 per 1000 live births 2. The inner ear consists of the cochlea and several non-auditory structures. The anulus fibrosus consists of several layers (laminae) of fibrocartilage made up of both type I and type II collagen.Type I is concentrated toward the edge of the ring, where it provides greater strength. tectorial membrane . Cornea and lens Structure. atlanto-occipital assimilation: complete or partial fusion of C1 and the occiput; occipital vertebra: an additional bone between C1 and the Identify the parts of the fibrous layer. There is normally no movement at these joints. They are found in the ampullae of each of the semicircular canals of the inner ear, meaning that there are three pairs in total.The function of the crista ampullaris is to sense angular acceleration and deceleration. ; Periodontal ligament: a group of fibers that At the level of C2 (the axis) it spreads out and becomes the The tectorial membrane (membrana tectoria) is a broad, strong superior continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament. The cochlea, dedicated to hearing; converting sound Radiology report There is normally no movement at these joints. The inner ear consists of the cochlea and several non-auditory structures. tectorial membrane basilar membrane vestibular membrane outer hair cells. They are oriented along the pitch, roll, and yaw axes.. Each canal is filled with a fluid called endolymph and contains motion sensors within the fluids. A transitional vertebra is one that has indeterminate characteristics and features of vertebrae from adjacent vertebral segments. The science of biomechanics helps explain the causes of cell, tissue, organ and body system disorders, and supports clinicians in the diagnosis, prognosis and evaluation of treatment methods and At the base of each canal, the bony region of the canal is enlarged which opens into the utricle and has a dilated sac at one end called the osseous It is also known as articular ligament, articular larua, fibrous ligament, or true ligament.Other ligaments in the body include the: Peritoneal ligament: a fold of peritoneum or other membranes. The ligament is thick and slightly more narrow over the vertebral bodies and thinner but slightly wider over the intervertebral discs. A limbus vertebra is a well-corticated unfused secondary ossification center of the vertebral body, usually of its anterosuperior corner, that occurs secondary to herniation of the nucleus pulposus through the vertebral body endplate beneath the ring apophysis (see ossification of the vertebrae).These are closely related to Schmorl nodes and should not be It is located at the bottom of a funnel-shaped depression (the round window niche) and, in the macerated bone, opens into the cochlea of the internal ear; in the fresh state it is closed by a membrane, the The posterior sacrococcygeal ligament or dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament is a ligament which stretches from the sacrum to the coccyx and thus dorsally across the sacrococcygeal symphysis shared by these two bones.. Strikingly, one section, called the cochlear duct or scala media, contains endolymph. This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 307 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy The anterior sacroiliac ligament consists of numerous thin bands, which connect the anterior surface of the lateral part of the sacrum to the margin of the auricular surface of the ilium and to the preauricular sulcus.. See also. Uncovertebral joints, also called Luschkas joints, are seen bilaterally between adjacent cervical vertebrae, identified by the cat ear shaped uncinate processes of the C3-7 vertebrae (C1 and C2 have no uncinate processes). Intervertebral discs consist of an outer fibrous ring, the anulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis, which surrounds an inner gel-like center, the nucleus pulposus. In mammals, it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the temporal bone of the skull with a system of passages comprising two main functional parts:. The crista ampullaris is the sensory organ of rotation. Each rib has a depression shaped like a cup that the costal cartilage articulates with. The activity is then transferred through the basilar membrane to the scala tympani. Structure. The glands drain into larger ducts, which then drain into the guard Surrounding these hair cells are Hemivertebra is a type of vertebral anomaly and results from a lack of formation of one half of a vertebral body. It plays an important role in the human ear canal, assisting in cleaning and lubrication, and also provides some protection from bacteria, fungi, and insects.Excess or impacted cerumen can press against the eardrum and/or occlude the external auditory canal and impair hearing, Posterior sacroiliac ligament; References. A transitional vertebra is one that has indeterminate characteristics and features of vertebrae from adjacent vertebral segments. Structure. Cornea and lens Structure. The anterior longitudinal ligament runs down the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs of all of the vertebrae on their ventral side. The iliolumbar ligament is a strong ligament passing from the tip of the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra to the posterior part of the inner lip of the iliac crest (upper margin of ilium). Which structure is highlighted? The organ of Corti is located in the scala media of the cochlea of the inner ear between the vestibular duct and the tympanic duct and is composed of mechanosensory cells, known as hair cells. This is attached to the posterior tubercle of the atlas, and to the spinous processes of the cervical The artery of Adamkiewicz is found in 85% of people and, when present, is usually single (87%) 6.It has a diameter of ~1 mm (range 0.8-1.3 mm) 1,4. The costotransverse joint is the joint formed between the facet of the tubercle of the rib and the adjacent transverse process of a thoracic vertebra.The costotransverse joint is a plane type of synovial joint which, under physiological conditions, allows only gliding movement. tectorial membrane . The malleus (Latin: "hammer") articulates with the incus through the incudomalleolar joint and is attached to the tympanic membrane (), from which vibrational sound pressure motion is passed. tectorial membrane extends upward in continuity with posterior longitudinal ligament; attached to back of body of C2 and anterior margin of foramen magnum ligaments apical ligament, embryological remnant of the notochord. Instability of the spine occurs after trauma when the spinal ligaments lose their ability stay normally aligned between vertebral segments while they are under a normal weight-bearing load. Course. Although the ligament seems to always arise from the last lumbar vertebra, the accuracy of this method has been questioned in cases of lumbosacral transitional anatomy 5,6. The costochondral joints are the joints between the ribs and costal cartilage in the front of the rib cage.They are hyaline cartilaginous joints (i.e. The vibration of the basilar membrane causes a pull, or shearing force, of the hair cells against the tectorial membrane. a ruptured transverse and alar ligament, and a ruptured tectorial membrane. The cochlea is the part of the inner ear involved in hearing.It is a spiral-shaped cavity in the bony labyrinth, in humans making 2.75 turns around its axis, the modiolus. ; Fetal remnant ligament: the remnants of a fetal tubular structure. They occur at the junction between spinal morphological segments: atlanto-occipital junction. The vestibular system, in vertebrates, is a sensory system that creates the sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with balance. The iliolumbar ligament is a strong ligament passing from the tip of the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra to the posterior part of the inner lip of the iliac crest (upper margin of ilium). It runs from the sacrum (the lower transverse sacral tubercles, the inferior margins sacrum and the upper coccyx) to the tuberosity of the ischium.It is a remnant of part of Biceps femoris muscle. Earwax, also known as cerumen, is a yellowish, waxy substance secreted in the ear canals. This effect is much less pronounced than that seen in the posterior longitudinal ligament. This is attached to the posterior tubercle of the atlas, and to the spinous processes of the cervical Which structure is highlighted? Structure. It plays an important role in the human ear canal, assisting in cleaning and lubrication, and also provides some protection from bacteria, fungi, and insects.Excess or impacted cerumen can press against the eardrum and/or occlude the external auditory canal and impair hearing, The anterior sacroiliac ligament consists of numerous thin bands, which connect the anterior surface of the lateral part of the sacrum to the margin of the auricular surface of the ilium and to the preauricular sulcus.. See also. It is located at the bottom of a funnel-shaped depression (the round window niche) and, in the macerated bone, opens into the cochlea of the internal ear; in the fresh state it is closed by a membrane, the Hemivertebra is a type of vertebral anomaly and results from a lack of formation of one half of a vertebral body. This amplification is an important factor in inner ear trauma resulting from elevated sound levels.. Non-electrical hearing apparatuses which were designed to protect hearing (particularly that of musicians and others In mammals, it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the temporal bone of the skull with a system of passages comprising two main functional parts:. A core component of the cochlea is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating the fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea. Clinical Biomechanics is an international multidisciplinary journal of biomechanics with a focus on medical and clinical applications of new knowledge in the field. Surrounding these hair cells are The glands drain into larger ducts, which then drain into the guard The ossicles are, in order from the eardrum to the inner ear (from superficial to deep): the malleus, incus, and stapes, terms that in Latin are translated as "the hammer, anvil, and stirrup".. synchondrosis or primary cartilagenous joint). connects the posterior body of the axis to the anterior foramen magnum and is the cephalad continuation of the PLL. Origin The posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) is a long and important ligament located immediately posterior to the vertebral bodies (to which it attaches loosely) and intervertebral discs (to which it is firmly attached).. These are the tectorial membrane, the transverse ligament, and the alar ligaments. The malleus (Latin: "hammer") articulates with the incus through the incudomalleolar joint and is attached to the tympanic membrane (), from which vibrational sound pressure motion is passed. At the end of the cochlea, the round window acts as a relief point and bulges outward when the oval window is pushed inward. A limbus vertebra is a well-corticated unfused secondary ossification center of the vertebral body, usually of its anterosuperior corner, that occurs secondary to herniation of the nucleus pulposus through the vertebral body endplate beneath the ring apophysis (see ossification of the vertebrae).These are closely related to Schmorl nodes and should not be The sacrotuberous ligament is attached by its broad base to the posterior superior iliac spine, the posterior sacroiliac ligaments (with which it is partly blended), to the The organ of Corti is located in the scala media of the cochlea of the inner ear between the vestibular duct and the tympanic duct and is composed of mechanosensory cells, known as hair cells. Gross anatomy. ; Fetal remnant ligament: the remnants of a fetal tubular structure. The anulus fibrosus consists of several layers (laminae) of fibrocartilage made up of both type I and type II collagen.Type I is concentrated toward the edge of the ring, where it provides greater strength. tectorial membrane scala vestibule patellar ligament synapses in the L2-L4 segments quadriceps femoris. tectorial membrane scala vestibule patellar ligament synapses in the L2-L4 segments quadriceps femoris. the scala media, scala tympani and scala vestibuli), and supports a fluid wave driven by pressure across the basilar membrane separating two of the sections. The sacrospinous ligament (small or anterior sacrosciatic ligament) is a thin, triangular ligament in the human pelvis.The base of the ligament is attached to the outer edge of the sacrum and coccyx, and the tip of the ligament attaches to the spine of the ischium, a bony protuberance on the human pelvis.Its fibres are intermingled with the sacrotuberous ligament The vestibular system, in vertebrates, is a sensory system that creates the sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with balance. At the base of each canal, the bony region of the canal is enlarged which opens into the utricle and has a dilated sac at one end called the osseous synchondrosis or primary cartilagenous joint). Together with the cochlea, a part of the auditory system, it constitutes the labyrinth of the inner ear in most mammals.. As movements consist of rotations and translations, the vestibular system Its cranial counterpart is the tectorial membrane. Gross anatomy. The ossicles are, in order from the eardrum to the inner ear (from superficial to deep): the malleus, incus, and stapes, terms that in Latin are translated as "the hammer, anvil, and stirrup".. The vibration of the basilar membrane causes a pull, or shearing force, of the hair cells against the tectorial membrane. The crista ampullaris is the sensory organ of rotation. Intervertebral discs consist of an outer fibrous ring, the anulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis, which surrounds an inner gel-like center, the nucleus pulposus. A ligament is the fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones. These are the tectorial membrane, the transverse ligament, and the alar ligaments. Posterior sacroiliac ligament; References. They are oriented along the pitch, roll, and yaw axes.. Each canal is filled with a fluid called endolymph and contains motion sensors within the fluids. The iliolumbar ligament is an alternative landmark on which to base numbering (see case 4) as it usually arises from the transverse process of L5 1. The costotransverse joint is the joint formed between the facet of the tubercle of the rib and the adjacent transverse process of a thoracic vertebra.The costotransverse joint is a plane type of synovial joint which, under physiological conditions, allows only gliding movement. This ligament is composed of smooth, shining, longitudinal fibers, denser and more compact than those of the anterior ligament, and consists of superficial layers occupying the interval between three or four vertebrae, and deeper layers which extend between adjacent vertebrae. They occur at the junction between spinal morphological segments: atlanto-occipital junction. Strategically positioned on the basilar membrane of the organ of Corti are three rows of outer hair cells (OHCs) and one row of inner hair cells (IHCs). It extends from the back of the sacrum inferiorly and gradually broadens as it ascends. Background. The cochlea, dedicated to hearing; converting sound tectorial membrane basilar membrane vestibular membrane outer hair cells. the scala media, scala tympani and scala vestibuli), and supports a fluid wave driven by pressure across the basilar membrane separating two of the sections. The costochondral joints are the joints between the ribs and costal cartilage in the front of the rib cage.They are hyaline cartilaginous joints (i.e. Its cranial counterpart is the tectorial membrane. The sacrotuberous ligament is attached by its broad base to the posterior superior iliac spine, the posterior sacroiliac ligaments (with which it is partly blended), to the The semicircular ducts provide sensory input for experiences of rotary movements. The sacrospinous ligament (small or anterior sacrosciatic ligament) is a thin, triangular ligament in the human pelvis.The base of the ligament is attached to the outer edge of the sacrum and coccyx, and the tip of the ligament attaches to the spine of the ischium, a bony protuberance on the human pelvis.Its fibres are intermingled with the sacrotuberous ligament A ligament is the fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones. Together with the cochlea, a part of the auditory system, it constitutes the labyrinth of the inner ear in most mammals.. As movements consist of rotations and translations, the vestibular system The anterior longitudinal ligament runs down the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs of all of the vertebrae on their ventral side. This costotransverse joint is present in all but the eleventh and twelfth ribs. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is at ~0.3 per 1000 live births 2. The nuchal ligament extends from the external occipital protuberance on the skull and median nuchal line to the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra in the lower part of the neck.. From the anterior border of the nuchal ligament, a fibrous lamina is given off. Each rib has a depression shaped like a cup that the costal cartilage articulates with. Amplification of sound by the pinna, tympanic membrane and middle ear causes an increase in level of about 10 to 15 dB in a frequency range of 1.5 kHz to 7 kHz. It is a common cause of congenital scoliosis. This ligament is composed of smooth, shining, longitudinal fibers, denser and more compact than those of the anterior ligament, and consists of superficial layers occupying the interval between three or four vertebrae, and deeper layers which extend between adjacent vertebrae. Background. Structure. The occipital bone (/ k s p t l /) is a cranial dermal bone and the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull).It is trapezoidal in shape and curved on itself like a shallow dish. The inner ear (internal ear, auris interna) is the innermost part of the vertebrate ear.In vertebrates, the inner ear is mainly responsible for sound detection and balance. The cochlea has three fluid-filled sections (i.e. Ceruminous glands are specialized sudoriferous glands (sweat glands) located subcutaneously in the external auditory canal, in the outer 1/3.Ceruminous glands are simple, coiled, tubular glands made up of an inner secretory layer of cells and an outer myoepithelial layer of cells. The occipital bone (/ k s p t l /) is a cranial dermal bone and the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull).It is trapezoidal in shape and curved on itself like a shallow dish. The cochlear nerve (also auditory nerve or acoustic nerve) is one of two parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve, a cranial nerve present in amniotes, the other part being the vestibular nerve.The cochlear nerve carries auditory sensory information from the cochlea of the inner ear directly to the brain.The other portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve is the vestibular nerve, Earwax, also known as cerumen, is a yellowish, waxy substance secreted in the ear canals. This effect is much less pronounced than that seen in the posterior longitudinal ligament. The posterior sacrococcygeal ligament or dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament is a ligament which stretches from the sacrum to the coccyx and thus dorsally across the sacrococcygeal symphysis shared by these two bones.. A core component of the cochlea is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating the fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea. Amplification of sound by the pinna, tympanic membrane and middle ear causes an increase in level of about 10 to 15 dB in a frequency range of 1.5 kHz to 7 kHz. ; Periodontal ligament: a group of fibers that The tectorial membrane (membrana tectoria) is a broad, strong superior continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Structure. Instability of the spine occurs after trauma when the spinal ligaments lose their ability stay normally aligned between vertebral segments while they are under a normal weight-bearing load. It is also known as articular ligament, articular larua, fibrous ligament, or true ligament.Other ligaments in the body include the: Peritoneal ligament: a fold of peritoneum or other membranes. Perilymph is an extracellular fluid located within the inner ear.It is found within the scala tympani and scala vestibuli of the cochlea.The ionic composition of perilymph is comparable to that of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid.The major cation in perilymph is sodium, with the values of sodium and potassium concentration in the perilymph being 138 mM and 6.9 mM, respectively. Structure. a ruptured transverse and alar ligament, and a ruptured tectorial membrane. The inner ear (internal ear, auris interna) is the innermost part of the vertebrate ear.In vertebrates, the inner ear is mainly responsible for sound detection and balance. Radiology report They are classed as apocrine glands. atlanto-occipital assimilation: complete or partial fusion of C1 and the occiput; occipital vertebra: an additional bone between C1 and the The cochlea is the part of the inner ear involved in hearing.It is a spiral-shaped cavity in the bony labyrinth, in humans making 2.75 turns around its axis, the modiolus. The activity is then transferred through the basilar membrane to the scala tympani. The cochlea has three fluid-filled sections (i.e. synapses in the L2-L4 segments. This ligament is divisible in two parts: A short deep part which unites the two bones, and a larger superficial portion which completes the lower back part of the The artery of Adamkiewicz is found in 85% of people and, when present, is usually single (87%) 6.It has a diameter of ~1 mm (range 0.8-1.3 mm) 1,4. The semicircular ducts provide sensory input for experiences of rotary movements. The iliolumbar ligament is an alternative landmark on which to base numbering (see case 4) as it usually arises from the transverse process of L5 1. This ligament is divisible in two parts: A short deep part which unites the two bones, and a larger superficial portion which completes the lower back part of the The science of biomechanics helps explain the causes of cell, tissue, organ and body system disorders, and supports clinicians in the diagnosis, prognosis and evaluation of treatment methods and Although the ligament seems to always arise from the last lumbar vertebra, the accuracy of this method has been questioned in cases of lumbosacral transitional anatomy 5,6. It extends from the back of the sacrum inferiorly and gradually broadens as it ascends. synapses in the L2-L4 segments. Perilymph is an extracellular fluid located within the inner ear.It is found within the scala tympani and scala vestibuli of the cochlea.The ionic composition of perilymph is comparable to that of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid.The major cation in perilymph is sodium, with the values of sodium and potassium concentration in the perilymph being 138 mM and 6.9 mM, respectively. At the level of C2 (the axis) it spreads out and becomes the This costotransverse joint is present in all but the eleventh and twelfth ribs. tectorial membrane. It runs from the sacrum (the lower transverse sacral tubercles, the inferior margins sacrum and the upper coccyx) to the tuberosity of the ischium.It is a remnant of part of Biceps femoris muscle. Clinical Biomechanics is an international multidisciplinary journal of biomechanics with a focus on medical and clinical applications of new knowledge in the field. They are found in the ampullae of each of the semicircular canals of the inner ear, meaning that there are three pairs in total.The function of the crista ampullaris is to sense angular acceleration and deceleration. The posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) is a long and important ligament located immediately posterior to the vertebral bodies (to which it attaches loosely) and intervertebral discs (to which it is firmly attached).. The round window is situated below (inferior to) and a little behind (posterior to) the oval window, from which it is separated by a rounded elevation, the promontory.. Course. The ligament is thick and slightly more narrow over the vertebral bodies and thinner but slightly wider over the intervertebral discs. The cochlear nerve (also auditory nerve or acoustic nerve) is one of two parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve, a cranial nerve present in amniotes, the other part being the vestibular nerve.The cochlear nerve carries auditory sensory information from the cochlea of the inner ear directly to the brain.The other portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve is the vestibular nerve, Uncovertebral joints, also called Luschkas joints, are seen bilaterally between adjacent cervical vertebrae, identified by the cat ear shaped uncinate processes of the C3-7 vertebrae (C1 and C2 have no uncinate processes). It is a common cause of congenital scoliosis. The round window is situated below (inferior to) and a little behind (posterior to) the oval window, from which it is separated by a rounded elevation, the promontory.. They are classed as apocrine glands. Strategically positioned on the basilar membrane of the organ of Corti are three rows of outer hair cells (OHCs) and one row of inner hair cells (IHCs). This amplification is an important factor in inner ear trauma resulting from elevated sound levels.. Non-electrical hearing apparatuses which were designed to protect hearing (particularly that of musicians and others Strikingly, one section, called the cochlear duct or scala media, contains endolymph. At the end of the cochlea, the round window acts as a relief point and bulges outward when the oval window is pushed inward.

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